‘metaorganism’ ( Bosch and McFall-Ngai, 2011) has been defined to cover the host plus its associated microbiota ( Bordenstein and Theis 2015 Rohwer et al., 2002). According to current understanding, multicellular organisms can no longer be considered as autonomous entities due to the prevalence of internal symbiotic associations ( McFall-Ngai et al., 2013). The microbial communities associated with sponges can be very diverse, with more than 63 phyla reported previously ( Thomas et al., 2016 Moitinho-Silva et al., 2017). Hexactinellids are among the most ancient metazoans with an estimated origin of 800 million years ago as determined by molecular clocks ( Leys et al., 2007), and therefore represent promising candidates for examining evolutionary ancient biological mechanisms and relationships such as sponge-microbe interactions ( Pita et al., 2018). The greatest taxonomic diversity of glass sponges is found between 300 and 600 m depth, with only a few populations occurring in shallow (euphotic) waters ( Leys et al., 2007). Glass sponges (Hexactinellida) are extraordinary animals with a skeleton made of silicon dioxide and a unique histology which is distinct from all other known sponge classes ( Leys et al., 2007). These observations likely have relevant management implications when considering the increase of artificial substrates in the marine environment, e.g., marine litter, off-shore wind parks, and petroleum platforms. Due to a concomitant enrichment of these taxa in the mooring biofilm, we propose that biofilms on artificial substrates may ‘prime’ sponge-associated microbial communities when small sponges settle on such substrates. pourtalesii growing on the mooring were significantly enriched in Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia and Cyanobacteria in comparison to sponge individuals growing on the natural seabed. At the trawled site we recorded significant quantitative differences in distinct microbial phyla, such as a reduction in Nitrospinae in sponges and environmental references. pourtalesii sponges collected from pristine sites within fishery closures contained distinct and taxonomically largely novel microbial communities. In addition, we evaluated the role of two bottom fishery closures in preserving sponge-associated microbial diversity on the Scotian Shelf, Canada. habitat destruction by trawling and artificial substrate provision (moorings made of composite plastic), correspond with in situ V. We assessed how two anthropogenic impacts, i.e.
Using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, we analysed the microbial community structure of 33 individuals of the habitat-forming glass sponge Vazella pourtalesii, as well as reference seawater, sediment, and biofilm samples. Whether and to what extent these pressures influence marine genetic biodiversity is only starting to be revealed. Anthropogenic pressures on marine ecosystems and organisms are steadily increasing. Establishment of adequate conservation areas represents a challenging but crucial task in the conservation of genetic diversity and biological variability.
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